1. Constitution Of India
2. Article Of India In English

. With less than a year to go for the next Lok Sabha elections, 73.3% of respondents said that a Modi-led government was the most-likely possibility when the elections are held. The online poll was conducted online between May 23-25 in 9 languages across 9 media properties of the Times Group.

Bihar 10th result 2018: The Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB) is scheduled to release the Bihar Board 10th (Matric) Result 2018 tomorrow, June 26, 2018. A group of 50 alumni from the prestigious Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) across the country have quit their jobs to form a political party to fight for the rights of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

The group, which is waiting for an approval from the Election Commission, has named their outfit 'Bahujan Azad Party'. Forget the BJP winning the 2019 polls, even Prime Minister Narendra Modi might lose his Varanasi seat under a united opposition, asserted Congress president Rahul Gandhi on Sunday.

'You are going to see a collapse of the style you haven't seen in many years,' he said. The Central Board of Secondary Education has decided to re-conduct the examinations for Economics (Class 12th) and Mathematics (for Class 10). This follows allegations that the papers were leaked on WhatsApp before the examinations commenced. Rahul Gandhi on Friday trained guns at the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) by comparing it to Egypt's Sunni Islamist organisation, the Muslim Brotherhood, during his address at the International Institute of Strategic Studies in London. Not pleased with his analogy, BJP hit back at Rahul, accusing him of acting as a 'contract killer of the idea of India'. Breaking his silence on the Unnao and Kathua rape cases, Prime Minister Narendra Modi today said: 'No culprit will be spared, complete justice will be done.

Our daughters will definitely get justice.' . Woman Grandmaster and former world junior girls’ champion Soumya Swaminathan has pulled out of the Asian Team Chess Championship, to be held in Hamadan, Iran, from July 26 to August 4, calling the Islamic country’s “compulsory headscarf” rule violative of her personal rights. The Congress President also dismissed PM Modi indirectly over his mother's Italian origins. 'My mother is Italian. She has lived a large part of her life in India.

She is more Indian than many people I see,' he said. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of the Congress party said today PM Narendra Modi has 'stooped low' in his recent comments about opponents and that doesn't 'behove a Prime Minister'. ' It doesn't behove a PM to stoop so low and it is not good for the country as well,' said Singh.

The Madras high court sent a blunt message to the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) on Wednesday: create exclusive lanes for VIPs, including sitting judges, at all toll plazas on national highways or face contempt of court proceedings. ​​The engineer (in his mid twenties) was identified as Nishant Agrawal who was working with the organisation for last four years. He is suspected of having passed on technical secrets related to the missile tech to Pakistan and US intelligence agencies. BS Yeddyurappa made an emotional speech on the floor of the House before announcing his decision to step down, as numbers were stacked against the BJP in the newly-elected House.

After renaming Allahabad as Prayag Raj, UP chief minister Yogi Adityanath on Tuesday rechristened Faizabad as Ayodhya, in a move that experts said could potentially give the ruling BJP to give its Hindutva agenda a further push ahead of Lok Sabha elections due next year. The PM said people need to teach their sons to treat girls with respect.

“We ask our daughters what they have been doing when they come home late, but do we ask our sons? These sinners are somebody’s sons!” he said. The new Congress government in Madhya Pradesh delivered on its poll promise to the farmers with chief minister Kamal Nath announcing farm loan waiver immediately after taking charge. Kamal Nath signed the file for waiving loans of up to Rs 2 lakh of Madhya Pradesh farmers within hours of taking oath. Rahul alleged that a CAG report on Rafale did not exist. 'How did the Supreme Court see something that was never presented to PAC? In fact, no CAG report is in the public domain on this issue.

It has not been submitted so far,' he said. Congress also objected to a reference by the SC that the IAF chief had expressed reservations over disclosure of Rafale's pricing. A month after reports suggested that Nitin Sandesara, owner of Gujarat-based Sterling Biotech and wanted by the CBI and the ED in a Rs 5,000 crore bank fraud, was detained in Dubai, it has now emerged that he is not in the UAE and could have fled to Nigeria. India doesn’t not have an extradition treaty with that country. A day after Vijay Mallya claimed that he had a meeting with Arun Jaitley, Congress president Rahul Gandhi accused the finance minister of “colluding” with the fugitive liquor baron. 'This is a clear-cut case of collusion.

There is some deal between them. Finance Minister Jaitley must resign and this should be investigated,' he said. “We were very confident that we would never come to power, so we were advised to make tall promises,” said Nitin Gadkari during the show. “Now that we are in power, the public reminds us of those promises made by us. However, these days, we just laugh and move on.”.

India will not accept the generous help that has been offered by foreign governments after the floods in Kerala. This does not, however, extend to private contributions pouring in from all over the world, given the huge diaspora from Kerala. Even during the Uttarakhand floods in 2013, the UPA government too politely refused foreign aid. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was speaking at the launch of the payments bank of Indian postal department, on Saturday blamed the Congress-led UPA government for the NPA crisis and said that 'every penny of loans given at the behest of the 'naamdaars' will be recovered'. Former Union finance minister Yashwant Sinha said today he's quitting the BJP because the NDA, which it leads, is undermining democratic institutions. The Supreme Court on Friday said it found no irregularities in the NDA government's decision-making process to purchase 36 Rafale fighter jets from Dassault under Indo-French intergovernmental agreement. Niti Aayog vice-chairman Rajiv Kumar on Monday blamed the former RBI governor Raghuram Rajan for the slowdown in country's economy in the days that followed note ban.

“Rajan's policies on non-performing assets (NPAs) led to the slowdown and not the govt's decision to ban currency notes,” Kumar said. Addressing an audience at University of California, Raghuram Rajan said for four years - 2012 to 2016 - India was growing at a faster pace before it was hit by two major headwinds.

A growth rate of 7% per year for 25 years is 'very very strong' growth, but in some sense this has become the new Hindu rate of growth, which earlier used to be 3.5%, he said. While the Congress announced it will be meeting Goa governor Mridula Sinha to ask him to invite the party to stake claim to the government, RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav also asked the Bihar governor Satya Pal Malik to dissolve the assembly and invite his party to form a government in the state.

After a day of intense speculations, Karnataka governor Vajubhai Vala on Wednesday evening invited BJP's BS Yeddyurappa to form government in the state. On the issue of constructing a Ram temple in Ayodhya, Yogi said: “Mandir tha, hai, aur rahega'. (There was Ram mandir, there is Ram mandir and there will be Ram mandir in Ayodhya). People come to Ayodhya for 'darshan', 'smaran (remembering) of Lord Ram and the statue will fulfill that purpose, Yogi said on Wednesday in Ayodhya. Defence minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Sunday hit back at Rahul Gandhi after he accused her of lying in Parliament about procurement orders worth Rs 1 lakh crore for state-run aerospace major Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Sitharaman said it was a matter of 'shame' that the Congress president was misleading the country on the issue. Home minister Rajnath Singh on Friday indicated that Indian forces may have hit Pakistani targets across the border with heavy artillery attack to avenge the brutal killing of a BSF trooper in unprovoked firing by the Pakistanis.

'Something has happened. I won’t reveal it now,' Rajnath Singh said. Actor Kamal Haasan believes that the collective voice of a south India united under Dravidian identity would be strong enough to dictate terms to the central government. Top Congress sources said the party may be willing to accommodate the leader of a non-Congress or regional party as the prime ministerial nominee if it gets the numbers in the next Lok Sabha election or in case of a lack of consensus on a Congress nominee. The CBI probe in the politically sensitive Unnao gang-rape case has corroborated the survivor’s charge that BJP MLA Kuldeep Singh Sengar raped her at his home in Uttar Pradesh’s Makhi village on June 4 last year while his female accomplice, Shashi Singh, stood guard outside the room.

In a statement, the MEA spokesperson said, while India appreciated the offers of help from different countries, 'in line with the existing policy, the government is committed to meeting the requirements for relief and rehabilitation through domestic efforts.' The announcement came hours after Kerala chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan said that his government will officially try to remove 'impediments', if any, in receiving the Rs 700-crore financial assistance offered by UAE. PM Narendra Modi on Tuesday took several digs at Rahul Gandhi, although he did not directly refer to him by name. But the implication was obvious. Addressing the first of his many rallies in poll-bound Karnataka, Modi also tore into the Congress party on several fronts. Responding to questions over leadership of a prospective opposition alliance, Rahul said he was a likely PM candidate if Congress’s allies were agreeable, pointing out that this was a two-step process — winning the elections and deciding the leader.

A govt source said the note giving ‘details of the steps in the decision-making process leading to the award of 36 Rafale fighter jets’ to the SC was meant only for the judges’ eyes and would not be shared with the parties or petitioners. The SC direction would be complied with after redacting the note of sensitive and technical details. AgustaWestland chopper scam accused Christian Michel took the name of 'Mrs Gandhi' and also spoke about 'the son of the Italian lady' who is going to be 'the next PM of the country,' the ED told the court. Alleging that Michel was being tutored from the outside, ED also sought a ban on lawyer access to Michel.

The statement by the French government came following a French media report which quoted former French President Francois Hollande as saying that the Indian government proposed Reliance Defence as the partner for Dassault Aviation in the Rs 58,000 crore Rafale deal and France did not have a choice. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be holding a day-long fast with all BJP lawmakers on Thursday to protest against the recent washout of Parliament blaming the opposition for the disruption. Kumaraswamy said the Congress-JD(S) alliance had brought together opposition leaders in an unprecedented show of strength against the BJP-led Centre in the run-up to the 2019 Lok Sabha elections. The groundswell of horror against the alleged bid to communalise the gory gang rape and murder of eight-year-old in Jammu and Kashmir’s Kathua grew across the country on Thursday as outrage reminiscent of the Nirbhaya protests erupted on social media. Speaking at a rally in UP's Azamgarh, PM Modi launched a scathing attack on the opposition parties for stalling Parliament and blocking important legislations like the triple talaq. The Prime Minister is on a two-day tour of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

The Govind Guru Tribal University, Banswara, an apex body for conducting the BSTC examination, has released the results on Wednesday, June 6, 2018. The furore over Assam's National Register of Citizens list got intense on Tuesday, with both the government and opposition debating the motives and objectives of the register.

The draft NRC was released by the Assam government on Monday. A police inspector and a protester died after they sustained fatal injuries following mob violence over an alleged case of cow slaughter in Bulandshahr (UP) on Monday morning. Twelve terrorists, including top commanders, were killed on Sunday in multiple encounters with security forces in Jammu and Kashmir's Shopian and Anantnag district. Two encounters are simultaneously underway in Shopian, one in Dragad village, and the other in Kachdoora village.

Hitting out at Congress president Rahul Gandhi, finance minister Arun Jaitley on Sunday said that there could be a linkage between Rahul's charges on the NDA government and former French President Francois Hollande's statement on the controversial Rafale deal. The NDA government today filed a petition seeking review of the Supreme Court order diluting the provisions of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, which protects marginalised communities against discrimination and atrocities. A four-month-old baby was raped and murdered in the historic Rajwada area of Indore in the wee hours of Thursday. The infant’s body was found in the basement area of the heritage Shiv Vilas Palace, blood smears on the stairs telling a horror story. Trends show Congress, TRS and MNF winning Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Mizoram, respectively.

Meanwhile, Congress is locked in a close contest with BJP in Madhya Pradesh and holds edge in Rajasthan. A total of 678 assembly seats across five states went for polls, after polling was countermanded in one seat in Rajasthan due to death of a candidate. 22-year-old tourist from Tamil Nadu was killed and two members of his family, including his mother, were injured when their cab was attacked by a group of stone-pelters at Narbal on the Srinagar-Gulmarg highway on Monday. BJP leader B S Yeddyurappa on Thursday took oath as Karnataka chief minister after governor Vajubhai Vala invited him to form the government and prove his majority on the floor of the House in 15 days. Reeling under fund crunch, defence PSU Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) has, for the first time in decades, borrowed about Rs 1,000 crore to pay salaries to its employees. The company is worried that projects could come to a standstill by April with no money left to make fresh purchases or pay vendors.

​​The 26-year-old claimed he didn't know who he was killing when he pumped four bullets into Gauri in front of her house in RR Nagar, Bengaluru, on the night of September 5, 2017, SIT sources said on Friday. Sajjan Kumar, a Congress leader was accused of conspiracy to commit murder during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots following the assassination of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Kumar was acquitted by a trial court but on Monday the Delhi high court reversed the judgment of the lower court and convicted him to life imprisonment. Kumar has to surrender by Dec 31. While the elections were not about PM Modi, he will be under pressure to come out with something spectacular to counter the perception of a slide in BJP’s fortunes, especially as the Lok Sabha polls rule out the scope for attempting something whose results may not be visible shortly. Opposition leaders today submitted a notice for the impeachment of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) Dipak Misra to vice president Venkaiah Naidu. The move comes in the wake of the Supreme Court (SC) judgment of yesterday, which dismissed the demand for an investigation into the death of CBI judge BH Loya.

Following Raj Babbar's statement on Friday which compared falling rupee with the PM Narendra Modi's mother's age, a controversy had started. On Friday in an election rally, PM Modi said that 'since the Congress is unable to compete with him, it has 'started to abuse his mother.' He added that targeting his mother will not help Congress candidates save their deposits. A French media report late on Wednesday night said that an internal document of Dassault Aviation showed that the fighter manufacturer was presented with no other option but to tie-up with Anil Ambani-led Reliance Defence as the main offsets partner in the Rs 59,000 crore contract to deliver 36 jets to India. 'Suppose a person by virtue of reservation gets into IAS and becomes secretary through reservation in promotion. Can a very senior bureaucrat's grandson and great-grandson be treated as backward for promotion in employment, and that too in perpetuity?' The Supreme Court asked on Thursday.

A row broke out today over the discharge of RJD chief Lalu Prasad from Delhi's All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). In a statement, AIIMS said the RJD supremo’s condition has improved significantly and he was therefore being referred back to the Ranchi Medical College. Congress on Thursday alleged conspiracy and lodged a complaint with the Karnataka police over what it called 'unexplained malfunctioning' of the 10-seater Dassault Falcon 2000 aircraft (VT-AVH) carrying party president Rahul Gandhi to Hubballi from New Delhi. Under fire from opponents and protests from J&K CM Mehbooba Mufti, BJP on Friday secured the resignations of two of its ministers, Lal Singh and Chandar Prakash Ganga, from the coalition government for participating in protests in favour of the accused in the Kathua gang rape and murder case.

Congress leaders Sonia and Rahul Gandhi had “escaped” incomes — over what was declared and assessed — in 2011-12 of Rs 155.4 crore and Rs 155 crore, respectively, according to an income tax order passed after reassessing their incomes relating to Associated Journals Ltd. SC is hearing appeal of Congress leaders against reopening of their tax assessment. Congress romped home in Chhattisgarh, won on points in Rajasthan and eked out a narrow victory in MP. Congress’s success on Tuesday invests Rahul Gandhi’s campaign themes with a credibility and lethality they so far seemed to lack and makes BJP’s job for 2019 that much more difficult. Though separatists alleged that security forces opened fire without any provocation, the Mishipora eyewitnesses said the mob was trying to help the terrorists escape from the village where they were hiding and engaged in an encounter with the security forces.

Original text of the Original title भारतीय संविधान (: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) Jurisdiction 26 November 1949; 69 years ago ( 1949-11-26) 26 January 1950; 68 years ago ( 1950-01-26) Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republic Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) -led cabinet responsible to the of the, and Unitary (Quasi-federal), for presidential and vice-presidential elections 2 Last amended Location, Author(s) and the drafting committee of the Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Supersedes Part of on. The Constitution of India (: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of.

The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth., chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect. It imparts constitutional supremacy (not, since it was created by a rather than ) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in. Parliament cannot.

It was adopted by the on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the as the country's fundamental governing document, and the became the Republic of India. To ensure, its framers repealed prior acts of the in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as.

The constitution declares India a, assuring its citizens, and, and endeavours to promote. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 Most of the was under from 1857 to 1947. The constitution of India repealed the and when it became effective on 26 January 1950.

India ceased to be a of the and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950.

Previous legislation The constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the, the, and, the and, and the. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two.

Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states. Constituent Assembly. Main article: The constitution was drafted by the, which was elected by elected members of the. The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the ) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period.

Membership, Sanjay Phakey, Sandipkumar Patel, and were key figures in the assembly, which had over 30 representatives of the. Represented the, and the were represented by H. Modi., a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. Judges, such as, and were members of the assembly.

Female members included,. The first, two-day president of the assembly was; was later elected president. It met for the first time on 9 December 1946. Drafting, a who became the first in the and was, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946.

Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948. At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed. Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with as chair. A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947. While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.

Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days. On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution, which was signed by 284 members. The day is celebrated as National Law Day, or Constitution Day. Signing the constitution The assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English. The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from including. Its was Prem Behari Narain Raizada.

The constitution was published in and by the. Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of. The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 ( ₹63 million). The constitution has had since it was enacted. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a -filled case at the in. See also: Amendments Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.

The procedure is detailed in. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote.

Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with (except for ), there is no provision for a joint session of the and to pass a constitutional amendment.

During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate under his legislative powers under. Which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by in the. By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament; of these, 101 became Amendment Acts. Despite the requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document. The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies.

In 2000, the was formed to examine a constitutional update. The establishes term-based to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law. Main article: In, the ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution.

According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when 'read as a whole') cannot be abridged or abolished. These 'basic features' have not been fully defined, and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a 'basic feature' is decided by the courts. The Kesavananda Bharati v.

State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:. Supremacy of the constitution. Republican, democratic form of government. Its secular nature. Separation of powers. Its federal character This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a.

This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power. In its 1967 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine. The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights. The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971.

Constitution and judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution. Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds.

The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states). The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups.

An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution, which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive. Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from. In the Indian constitution, is dealt with in. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws.

According to Article 13,. All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse). Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void.

In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void. In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review. Due to the adoption of the, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).

The widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C. Flexibility According to, 'The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people.' The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility., the fourth, said that a constitution's 'great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.' A document 'intended to endure for ages to come', it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context.

The ' guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,; the right to water; the right to earn a livelihood, the right to health, and the right to education. At the conclusion of his book, Making of India's Constitution, retired Supreme Court of India justice wrote: If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to.

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